Severní Germáni

Severní Germáni, běžně nazývaní Skandinávci[1] nebo ve středověkém kontextu Seveřané, jsou germánská etnolingvistická skupina severských zemí (Skandinávie). Jsou spojeni kulturními podobnostmi, společným rodovým původem a cca od roku 200 n. l. společným používáním praseverštiny. Z tohoto jazyka kolem roku 800 n. l. vzešla stará severština, ze které vznikly současné severogermánské jazyky.

Jedna z teorií pro přibližné rozdělení hlavních germánských jazykových skupin v Evropě kolem roku 1 n. l.:

Severogermánská

Severomořská (Ingvaeoni)

Rýnsko-vezerská (Istaveoni)

Polabská (Herminoni)

Východogermánská

Předpokládá se, že se severní Germáni ve Švédsku objevili počátkem letopočtu. Několik severogermánských kmenů zmiňují klasičtí starověcí spisovatelé, zejména Švédy, Dány, Géaty, Guty a Rugie. Během následujícího věku Vikingů severští námořníci, běžně označovaní jako Vikingové, podnikali nájezdy a osídlovali území po celé Evropě i mimo ni, založili několik důležitých politických entit a prozkoumávali severní Atlantik až po Severní Ameriku. K etnickým skupinám, které vznikly při této expanzi, patří Normané, Gaelo-Seveřané a Rusové. Severní Germáni vikingského věku byli kulturami, se kterými se setkali, označováni pod různými jmény, ale obecně jsou nazývaní jako Seveřané.

S koncem vikingského věku v 11. století severogermánské národy konvertovali z původního severského pohanství na křesťanství a jejich dříve kmenové společnosti byly centralizovány do moderních království jako Dánsko, Norsko a Švédsko. Mezi moderní severogermánské etnické skupiny patří Dánové, Islanďané, Norové, Švédové a Faeřané.

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Reference

Kennedy 1963, s. 50 "[T]he pages of history have been filled with accounts of various Germanic peoples that made excursions in search of better homes; the Goths went into the Danube valley and thence into Italy and southern France ; and thence into Italy and southern France; the Franks seized what was later called France; the Vandals went down into Spain, and via Africa they "vandalized" Rome; the Angles, part of the Saxons, and the Jutes moved over into England; and the Burgundians and the Lombards worked south into France and Italy. Probably very early during these centuries of migration the three outstanding groups of the Germanic peoples — the North Germanic people of Scandinavia, the East Germanic branch, comprising the Goths chiefly, and the West Germanic group, comprising the remaining Germanic tribes — developed their notable group traits. Then, while the East Germanic tribes (that is, the Goths) passed gradually out of the pages of history and disappeared completely, the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, or Norse, peoples, as they are variously called, became a distinctive people, more and more unlike the West Germanic folk who inhabited Germany itself and, ultimately, Holland and Belgium and England. While that great migration of nations which the Germans have named the Volkerwanderung was going on, the Scandinavian division of the Germanic peoples had kept their habitation well to the north of the others and had been splitting up into the four subdivisions now known as the Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, and Icelanders. Long after the West Germanic and East Germanic peoples had made history farther south in Europe, the North Germanic tribes of Scandinavia began a series of expeditions which, during the eighth and ninth centuries, in the so-called Viking Age especially, led them to settle Iceland, to overrun England and even annex it to Denmark temporarily, and, most important of all, to settle in northern France and merge with the French to such an extent that Northmen became Normans, and later these Normans became the conquerors of England."

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[Kennedy_1963-1] Kennedy 1963, s. 50 "[T]he pages of history have been filled with accounts of various Germanic peoples that made excursions in search of better homes; the Goths went into the Danube valley and thence into Italy and southern France ; and thence into Italy and southern France; the Franks seized what was later called France; the Vandals went down into Spain, and via Africa they "vandalized" Rome; the Angles, part of the Saxons, and the Jutes moved over into England; and the Burgundians and the Lombards worked south into France and Italy. Probably very early during these centuries of migration the three outstanding groups of the Germanic peoples — the North Germanic people of Scandinavia, the East Germanic branch, comprising the Goths chiefly, and the West Germanic group, comprising the remaining Germanic tribes — developed their notable group traits. Then, while the East Germanic tribes (that is, the Goths) passed gradually out of the pages of history and disappeared completely, the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, or Norse, peoples, as they are variously called, became a distinctive people, more and more unlike the West Germanic folk who inhabited Germany itself and, ultimately, Holland and Belgium and England. While that great migration of nations which the Germans have named the Volkerwanderung was going on, the Scandinavian division of the Germanic peoples had kept their habitation well to the north of the others and had been splitting up into the four subdivisions now known as the Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, and Icelanders. Long after the West Germanic and East Germanic peoples had made history farther south in Europe, the North Germanic tribes of Scandinavia began a series of expeditions which, during the eighth and ninth centuries, in the so-called Viking Age especially, led them to settle Iceland, to overrun England and even annex it to Denmark temporarily, and, most important of all, to settle in northern France and merge with the French to such an extent that Northmen became Normans, and later these Normans became the conquerors of England."