Satjagraha

Satjagraha (Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satjāgraha), voľne preložiteľná ako "Duševná sila",[1] "sila pravdy" alebo "pridržiavanie sa pravdy" je filozofia a aplikácia nenásilného odporu vytvorená a rozvíjaná Móhandásom Karamčandom Gándhím (tiež známym ako "Mahátma" Gándhí). Gándhí rozširoval satjagrahu počas boja za nezávislosť Indie a tiež počas svojich predchádzajúcich bojov v Južnej Afrike. Teória satjagrahy ovplyvnila boj Nelsona Mandela v Južnej Afrike počas apartheidu, kampaň Martina Luthera Kinga, Ml. počas boja za občianske slobody v Spojených štátoch a veľa iných hnutí za rovnoprávnosť.[2][3] Praktikant satjagrahy je satjagrah.[4]

Význam pojmu

Gándhí vedúci soľný pochod. Pozoruhodný príklad satjagrahy.

Satjagraha je spojením sanskritských slov satja (znamenajúci "pravda") a Agraha ("nástojčivosť" alebo "pevne sa držať"). Pre Gándhího sa satjagraha stala niečím oveľa viac než "pasívnym odporom". Stala sa silou pri uvádzaní nenásilných spôsobov jednania do života. Podľa jeho slov:

Pravda (satja) implikuje lásku, a pevnosť (agraha) plodí, a teda slúži ako synonymum pre silu. Tak som začal nazývať Indické hnutie Satjagraha, presnejšie sila ktorá sa rodí z pravdy a lásky alebo nenásilia, a vzdal som sa v tejto súvislosti použitia frázy “pasívny odpor” do takej miery, že aj v anglických textoch sme sa jej často vyhýbali a používali sme namiesto toho slovo “satjagraha”....[5]

Referencie

McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D.; Buckler, John; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Beck, Roger B.; Crowston, Clare Haru; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. A History of World Societies: From 1775 to Present . Eighth edition. Volume C – From 1775 to the Present. (2009). Bedford/St. Martin's: Boston/New York. ISBN 978-0-312-68298-9. ISBN 0-312-68298-0. "Meanwhile, Gandhi was searching for a spiritual theory of social action. He studied Hindu and Christian teachings, and gradually developed a weapon for the weak that he called Satyagraha. Gandhi conceived of Satyagraha, loosely translated as "Soul Force,"as a means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the oppressor. Its tactic is active nonviolent resistance." (McKay 859).
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525247/satyagraha "Gandhi’s satyagraha became a major tool in the Indian struggle against British imperialism and has since been adopted by protest groups in other countries." Date accessed: 14 September 2010.
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9165422 "In this respect Satyagraha or non-violent resistance, as conceived by Gandhiji, has an important lesson for pacifists and war-resisters of the West. Western pacifists have so far proved ineffective because they have thought that war can be resisted by mere propaganda, conscientious objection, and organization for settling disputes." Date accessed: 14 September 2010.
http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861701514/satyagrahi.html sa·tya·gra·hi [ sə tyaagrəhee ] (plural sa·tya·gra·his). noun. Definition: adherent of satyagraha: a practitioner of nonviolent resistance or satyagraha. [Early 20th century. < Sanskrit satyāgrahī]. Date accessed: 14 September 2010.
Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926 from Johnson, p. 73.

Externé odkazy

'Satyagraha 100 Years Later', a retrospective with Arun Gandhi from Democracy Now!
The Story of Satyagraha by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
GandhiPoetics.com A site that analyzes and previews the poetry associated with Gandhi's Satyagraha movement.

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[1] McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D.; Buckler, John; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Beck, Roger B.; Crowston, Clare Haru; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. A History of World Societies: From 1775 to Present . Eighth edition. Volume C – From 1775 to the Present. (2009). Bedford/St. Martin's: Boston/New York. ISBN 978-0-312-68298-9. ISBN 0-312-68298-0. "Meanwhile, Gandhi was searching for a spiritual theory of social action. He studied Hindu and Christian teachings, and gradually developed a weapon for the weak that he called Satyagraha. Gandhi conceived of Satyagraha, loosely translated as "Soul Force,"as a means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the oppressor. Its tactic is active nonviolent resistance." (McKay 859).

[2] ttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525247/satyagraha "Gandhi’s satyagraha became a major tool in the Indian struggle against British imperialism and has since been adopted by protest groups in other countries." Date accessed: 14 September 2010.

[3] ttp://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9165422 "In this respect Satyagraha or non-violent resistance, as conceived by Gandhiji, has an important lesson for pacifists and war-resisters of the West. Western pacifists have so far proved ineffective because they have thought that war can be resisted by mere propaganda, conscientious objection, and organization for settling disputes." Date accessed: 14 September 2010.

[4] ttp://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861701514/satyagrahi.html sa·tya·gra·hi [ sə tyaagrəhee ] (plural sa·tya·gra·his). noun. Definition: adherent of satyagraha: a practitioner of nonviolent resistance or satyagraha. [Early 20th century. < Sanskrit satyāgrahī]. Date accessed: 14 September 2010.

[5] Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926 from Johnson, p. 73.