Stripped
Stripped má více významů:
- Alba
- Stripped (Christina Aguilera)
- Stripped (Escape With Romeo)
- Stripped (The Rolling Stones)
- Singly
- Stripped (Luke Cage)
- Stripped (Depeche Mode)
- Stripped (Moni B.)
- Stripped (Napsugar)
- Stripped (Pastis & Buenri)
- Stripped (Pyroclastix)
- Stripped (Rammstein)
- jiné
- Stripped Inc. – hudební interpret
- Stripped Recordings – hudební label
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