Bitva na Čaldiránské rovině

Bitva na Čaldiránské rovině
	konflikt: část osmansko-perských válek
	;
trvání:	23. srpna 1514
místo:	Čaldirán, severně od Urmijského jezera a na západ od Tabrízu
výsledek:	Rozhodné osmanské vítězství[1]; Politický pat[2]; Osmané poprvé připojili východní Anatolii a části Mezopotámie od Safíjovců, také nakrátko dnešní severozápadní Írán.[3]
strany
Osmanská říše	Safíovská říše
velitelé
Selim I.	Ismá‘íl I.
síla
60 000[4]; nebo 100 000[5]; 100-150 děl[6]	40 000[7]; nebo 55 000[8]; nebo 80 000[5]
ztráty
Těžké ztráty[9]; nebo méně než 2 000 [10]	Těžké ztráty[9]; neb zhruba 5 000 [11]

Bitva na Čaldiránské rovině (persky جنگ چالدران‎; turecky Çaldıran Muharebesi) se odehrála 23. srpna 1514 a skončila vítězstvím pro Osmanskou říši nad Safíovskou. Následně Osmané poprvé od Safíovců získali a připojili východní Anatolii a severní Irák.[12] Šlo také o první osmanský vpád do východní Anatolie a také byla zastavena expanze Safíovců na západ. Touto bitvou Osmané také získali dočasnou kontrolu nad samotným severozápadním Íránem. Bitva nicméně začala jen 41 let ničivé války, která skončila teprve v roce 1555 mírem z Amasye. Ačkoli byla Mezopotámie a východní Anatolie (Západní Arménie) nakonec za vlády krále Abbáse I. (vládl 1588–1629) převzata zpět Safíovci, byla navždy ztracena do osmanských rukou zuhabským mírem v roce 1639.

Reference

David Eggenberger, An Encyclopedia of Battles, (Dover Publications, 1985), 85.
Morgan, David O. The New Cambridge History of Islam Volume 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 2010. p.210 "Although the Safavids experienced military defeat at Chāldirān, the political outcome of the battle was a stalemate between the Ottomans and Safavids, even though the Ottomans ultimately won some territory from the Safavids. The stalemate was largely due to the ‘scorched earth’ strategy that the Safavids employed, making it impossible for the Ottomans to remain in the region"
Ira M. Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies" Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139991507 p 336
Keegan & Wheatcroft, Who's Who in Military History, Routledge, 1996. p. 268 "In 1515 Selim marched east with some 60,000 men; a proportion of these were skilled Janissaries, certainly the best infantry in Asia, and the sipahis, equally well-trained and disciplined cavalry. [...] The Azerbaijanian army, under Shah Ismail, was almost entirely composed of Turcoman tribal levies, a courageous but ill-disciplined cavalry army. Slightly inferior in numbers to the Turks, their charges broke against the Janissaries, who had taken up fixed positions behind rudimentary field works."
Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters, page 286, 2009
ÁGOSTON, Gábor. Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800. Journal of World History. 2014, s. 110. (anglicky)
Roger M. Savory, Iran under the Safavids, Cambridge, 1980, p. 41
Keegan & Wheatcroft, Who's Who in Military History, Routledge, 1996. p. 268
Kenneth Chase, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, 120.
Serefname II
Serefname II s. 158
Ira M. Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies" Cambridge University Press ISBN 1139991507 p 336

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[1] David Eggenberger, An Encyclopedia of Battles, (Dover Publications, 1985), 85.

[2] Morgan, David O. The New Cambridge History of Islam Volume 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 2010. p.210 "Although the Safavids experienced military defeat at Chāldirān, the political outcome of the battle was a stalemate between the Ottomans and Safavids, even though the Ottomans ultimately won some territory from the Safavids. The stalemate was largely due to the ‘scorched earth’ strategy that the Safavids employed, making it impossible for the Ottomans to remain in the region"

[3] Ira M. Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies" Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139991507 p 336

[Keegan-4] Keegan & Wheatcroft, Who's Who in Military History, Routledge, 1996. p. 268 "In 1515 Selim marched east with some 60,000 men; a proportion of these were skilled Janissaries, certainly the best infantry in Asia, and the sipahis, equally well-trained and disciplined cavalry. [...] The Azerbaijanian army, under Shah Ismail, was almost entirely composed of Turcoman tribal levies, a courageous but ill-disciplined cavalry army. Slightly inferior in numbers to the Turks, their charges broke against the Janissaries, who had taken up fixed positions behind rudimentary field works."

[Ottoman_Empire_page_286-5] Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters, page 286, 2009

[6] ÁGOSTON, Gábor. Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800. Journal of World History. 2014, s. 110. (anglicky)

[Savory-7] Roger M. Savory, Iran under the Safavids, Cambridge, 1980, p. 41

[8] Keegan & Wheatcroft, Who's Who in Military History, Routledge, 1996. p. 268

[Chase-p120-9] Kenneth Chase, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, 120.

[10] Serefname II

[11] Serefname II s. 158

[12] Ira M. Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies" Cambridge University Press ISBN 1139991507 p 336